![]() When LCPV systems are used in the field of seawater desalination, studies have shown that the total output of fresh water will increase significantly during the day, and the solar radiation intensity can effectively improve the thermal efficiency of the system ( Xinxin, et al., 2019). At the same time, they can also provide a certain energy output when applied to non-energy buildings ( Parupudi, et al., 2020). Among them, low concentration photovoltaic (LCPV), such as V-groove concentrators, require relatively low operating and maintenance costs because they do not require solar trackers and have simple technical requirements. On this basis, concentrated photovoltaic power generation adds an optical device that condenses solar energy on the surface of the photovoltaic module, which greatly reduces the expensive cost caused by the use of semiconductor materials ( Gakkhar, et al., 2020). ![]() ![]() It is basically composed of solar cells in series and parallel to form photovoltaic modules, and then is made to cooperate with the controller and inverter to generate electricity ( Lakshmi Swarupa et al., 2021). Photovoltaic power generation is one of the main application methods of conventional solar power generation. Although solar energy is restricted by geographical factors, it still has broad development prospects. Compared with other new energy sources, such as wind energy and geothermal energy, solar energy has the characteristics of being more flexible and adaptable. As a clean, abundant, and renewable new energy, solar energy stands out from many alternatives, and has now been widely used in construction, transportation, communications, petroleum, and other fields ( Dirker, et al., 2019 Leonard, et al., 2020 Singh, 2021). As the world's energy structure transitions to green and low-carbon, domestic and foreign scholars and experts are exploring more new types of energy. Recently, the serious environmental pollution of fossil fuels and mining life problems have become important factors affecting climate change and economic development ( He, et al., 2021). Under the condition of four-jet nozzles, the electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency of the cell can be maintained at about 29 and 62.5%, respectively, and the exergy efficiency of the system can reach 31%. Especially under high-concentration energy flow density, considering the quality of heat and electricity, the performance of the four-jet nozzles is the best from the perspective of exergy efficiency. Taking into account the uniformity of the cell temperature, the single-jet nozzle and single-channel serpentine flow can better maintain the uniformity of the temperature field compared with other heat exchangers. Therefore, based on the radiation under nonuniform heat flux density, four heat exchangers were proposed: single-channel serpentine flow, multi-channel flat plate, full jet, and single-jet nozzle. Especially under the condition of nonuniform energy flow density of high-power concentration, it is of great significance to maintain the temperature uniformity of cells. Photovoltaic panels can directly convert solar energy into electricity, but temperature will have a certain impact on the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.Haifei Chen Yunjie Wang Yuwei Ding Baorui Cai Jie Yang*
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